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Media queries are conditions in CSS that apply specific styles based on the screen size or device type. They allow for responsive design, where a single HTML file can adapt to different screen sizes and devices. To use media queries, you specify a media type (e.g. screen, print, speech) and a condition (e.g. min-width, max-width). This enables you to create different layouts and styles for different devices and screen sizes, without needing to create multiple HTML files.